Overview:
Functionalities of a computer
Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:
>> Takes data as input.
>> Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required.
>> Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
>> Generates the output
>> Controls all the above four steps.
Definition
Computer is an electronic data processing device which
>> accepts and stores data input, processes the data input, and generates the output in a required format.
Advantages
Following list demonstrates the advantages of computers in today's arena.
High Speed
>> Computer is a very fast device.
>> It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data.
>> The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the picosecond.
>> It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who will spend many months for doing the same task.
Accuracy
>> In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.
>> The calculations are 100% error free.
>> Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that correct input has been given.
Storage Capability
>> Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.
>> A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings.
>> It can store large amount of data.
>> It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and many others.
Diligence
>> Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness and lack of concentration.
>> It can work continuously without any error and boredom.
>> It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy.
Versatility
>> A computer is a very versatile machine.
>> A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done.
This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various fields.
>> At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and the very next moment it may be playing a card game.
Reliability
>> A computer is a reliable machine.
>> Modern electronic components have long lives.
>> Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.
Automation
>> Computer is an automatic machine.
>> Automation means ability to perform the given task automatically.
>> Once a program is given to computer i.e. stored in computer memory, the program and instruction can control the program execution without human interaction.
Reduction in Paper Work
>> The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to reduction in paper work and results in speeding up a process.
>> As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the problem of maintenance of large number of paper files gets reduced.
Reduction in Cost
>> Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high but it substantially reduces the cost of each of its transaction.
Disadvantages
Following list demonstrates the disadvantages of computers in today's arena.
>> A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task.
>> Each instruction has to be given to computer.
>> A computer cannot take any decision on its own.
Dependency
>> It functions as per a user’s instruction, so it is fully dependent on human being.
Environment
>> The operating environment of computer should be dust free and suitable.
No Feeling
>> Computers have no feelings or emotions.
>> It cannot make judgment based on feeling, taste, experience, and knowledge unlike a human being.
Applications:
Business
A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility which made it an integrated part in all business organisations.
Computer is used in business organisations for:
>> Payroll calculations
>> Budgeting
>> Sales analysis
>> Financial forecasting
>> Managing employees database
>> Maintenance of stocks etc.
Banking
Today banking is almost totally dependent on computer.
Banks provide following facilities:
>> Banks provide online accounting facility, which includes current balances, deposits, overdrafts, interest charges, shares, and trustee records.
>> ATM machines are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks.
Insurance
Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers. The insurance companies, finance houses and stock broking firms are widely using computers for their concerns.
Insurance companies are maintaining a database of all clients with information showing
>> procedure to continue with policies
>> starting date of the policies
>> next due installment of a policy
>> maturity date
>> interests due
>> survival benefits
>> bonus
Education
The computer has provided a lot of facilities in the education system.
>> The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based Education).
>> CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning.
>> The computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of computer students.
>> There are number of methods in which educational institutions can use computer to educate the students.
>> It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and analysis is carried out on this basis.
Marketing
In marketing, uses of computer are following:
Advertising: - With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write and revise copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products.
At Home Shopping: - Home shopping has been made possible through use of computerised catalogues that provide access to product information and permit direct entry of orders to be filled by the customers.
Health Care
Computers have become important part in hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. The computers are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG, Ultrasounds and CT Scans etc. are also done by computerised machines.
Some major fields of health care in which computers are used are:
Diagnostic System: - Computers are used to collect data and identify cause of illness.
Lab-diagnostic System: - All tests can be done and reports are prepared by computer.
Patient Monitoring System: - These are used to check patient's signs for abnormality such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG etc.
Pharma Information System: - Computer checks Drug-Labels, Expiry dates, harmful drug’s side effects etc.
Surgery:- Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery.
Engineering Design
Computers are widely used in Engineering purpose.
One of major areas is CAD (Computer aided design).that provides creation and modification of images. Some fields are:
>> Structural Engineering - Requires stress and strain analysis for design of Ships, Buildings, Budgets, Airplanes etc.
>> Industrial Engineering - Computers deal with design, implementation and improvement of integrated systems of people, materials and equipments.
>> Architectural Engineering - Computers help in planning towns, designing buildings, determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D drawings.
Military
Computers are largely used in defence. modern tanks, missiles, weapons etc. Military also employs computerised control systems. Some military areas where a computer has been used are:
>> Missile Control
>> Military Communication
>> Military Operation and Planning
>> Smart Weapons
Communication
Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant for. Some main areas in this category are:
>> E-mail
>> Chatting
>> Usenet
>> FTP
>> Telnet
>> Video-conferencing
Government
Computers play an important role in government. Some major fields in this category are:
>> Budgets
>> Sales tax department
>> Income tax department
>> Male/Female ratio
>> Computerization of voters lists
>> Computerization of driving licensing system
>> Computerization of PAN card
>> Weather forecasting
Computer Generations :
The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19th century English mathematics professor name Charles Babbage.
He designed the Analytical Engine and it was this design that the basic framework of the computers of today are based on.
Generally speaking, computers can be classified into three generations. Each generation lasted for a certain period of
time,and each gave us either a new and improved computer or an improvement to the existing computer.
First generation: 1937 – 1946 - In 1937 the first electronic digital computer was built by Dr. John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. It was called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). In 1943 an electronic computer name the Colossus was built for the military. Other developments continued until in 1946 the first general– purpose digital computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was built. It is said that this computer weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which was used for processing. When this computer was turned on for the first time lights dim in sections of Philadelphia. Computers of this generation could only perform single task, and they had no operating system.
Second generation: 1947 – 1962 - This generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes which were more reliable. In 1951 the first computer for commercial use was introduced to the public; the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1). In 1953 the International Business Machine (IBM) 650 and 700 series computers made their mark in the computer world. During this generation of computers over 100 computer programming languages were developed, computers had memory and operating systems. Storage media such as tape and disk were in use also were printers for output.
Third generation: 1963 - present - The invention of integrated circuit brought us the third generation of computers. With this invention computers became smaller, more powerful more reliable and they are able to run many different programs at the same time. In1980 Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-Dos) was born and in 1981 IBM introduced the personal computer (PC) for home and office use. Three years later Apple gave us the Macintosh computer with its icon driven interface and the 90s gave us Windows operating system.
As a result of the various improvements to the development of the computer we have seen the computer being used in all areas of life. It is a very useful tool that will continue to experience new development as time passes.
Generation and Description
1 First Generation The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based.
2 Second Generation The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based.
3 Third Generation The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.
4 Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based.
5 Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards.ULSI microprocessor based.
First Generation
The period of first generation was 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large organisations. In this generation mainly batch processing operating system were used. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as programming language.
The main features of first generation are:
1 Vacuum tube technology
2 Unreliable
3 Supported machine language only
4 Very costly
5 Generated lot of heat
6 Slow input and output devices
7 Huge size
8 Need of A.C.
9 Non-portable
10 Consumed lot of electricity
Some computers of this generation were:
ENIAC
EDVAC
UNIVAC
IBM-701
IBM-650
Second Generation
The period of second generation was 1959-1965. In this generation transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In this generation assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system.
The main features of second generation are:
>> Use of transistors
>> Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
>> Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
>> Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers
>> Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers
>> Faster than first generation computers
>> Still very costly
>>A.C. needed
>> Supported machine and assembly languages
Some computers of this generation were:
IBM 1620
IBM 7094
CDC 1604
CDC 3600
UNIVAC 1108
Third Generation
The period of third generation was 1965-1971. The computers of third generation used integrated circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming operating system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.
The main features of third generation are:
>> IC used
>> More reliable in comparison to previous two generations
>> Smaller size
>> Generated less heat
>> Faster
>> Lesser maintenance
>> Still costly
>> A.C needed
>> Consumed lesser electricity
>> Supported high-level language
Some computers of this generation were:
IBM-360 series
Honeywell-6000 series
PDP(Personal Data Processor)
IBM-370/168
TDC-316
Fourth Generation
The period of fourth generation was 1971-1980. The computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution. In this generation time sharing, real time, networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc. were used in this generation.
The main features of fourth generation are:
>> VLSI technology used
>> Very cheap
>> Portable and reliable
>> Use of PC's
>> Very small size
>> Pipeline processing
>> No A.C. needed
>> Concept of internet was introduced
>> Great developments in the fields of networks
>> Computers became easily available
Some computers of this generation were:
DEC 10
STAR 1000
PDP 11
CRAY-1(Super Computer)
CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
Fifth Generation
The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc. are used in this generation.
AI includes:
Robotics
Neural networks
Game Playing
Development of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations.
Natural language understanding and generation.
The main features of fifth generation are:
>> ULSI technology
>> Development of true artificial intelligence
>> Development of Natural language processing
>> Advancement in Parallel Processing
>> Advancement in Superconductor technology
>> More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features
>> Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
Some computer types of this generation are:
Desktop
Laptop
NoteBook
UltraBook
ChromeBook
Functionalities of a computer
Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:
>> Takes data as input.
>> Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required.
>> Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
>> Generates the output
>> Controls all the above four steps.
Definition
Computer is an electronic data processing device which
>> accepts and stores data input, processes the data input, and generates the output in a required format.
Advantages
Following list demonstrates the advantages of computers in today's arena.
High Speed
>> Computer is a very fast device.
>> It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data.
>> The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the picosecond.
>> It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who will spend many months for doing the same task.
Accuracy
>> In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.
>> The calculations are 100% error free.
>> Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that correct input has been given.
Storage Capability
>> Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.
>> A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings.
>> It can store large amount of data.
>> It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio and many others.
Diligence
>> Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness and lack of concentration.
>> It can work continuously without any error and boredom.
>> It can do repeated work with same speed and accuracy.
Versatility
>> A computer is a very versatile machine.
>> A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done.
This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various fields.
>> At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and the very next moment it may be playing a card game.
Reliability
>> A computer is a reliable machine.
>> Modern electronic components have long lives.
>> Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.
Automation
>> Computer is an automatic machine.
>> Automation means ability to perform the given task automatically.
>> Once a program is given to computer i.e. stored in computer memory, the program and instruction can control the program execution without human interaction.
Reduction in Paper Work
>> The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to reduction in paper work and results in speeding up a process.
>> As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the problem of maintenance of large number of paper files gets reduced.
Reduction in Cost
>> Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high but it substantially reduces the cost of each of its transaction.
Disadvantages
Following list demonstrates the disadvantages of computers in today's arena.
>> A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task.
>> Each instruction has to be given to computer.
>> A computer cannot take any decision on its own.
Dependency
>> It functions as per a user’s instruction, so it is fully dependent on human being.
Environment
>> The operating environment of computer should be dust free and suitable.
No Feeling
>> Computers have no feelings or emotions.
>> It cannot make judgment based on feeling, taste, experience, and knowledge unlike a human being.
Applications:
Business
A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility which made it an integrated part in all business organisations.
Computer is used in business organisations for:
>> Payroll calculations
>> Budgeting
>> Sales analysis
>> Financial forecasting
>> Managing employees database
>> Maintenance of stocks etc.
Banking
Today banking is almost totally dependent on computer.
Banks provide following facilities:
>> Banks provide online accounting facility, which includes current balances, deposits, overdrafts, interest charges, shares, and trustee records.
Insurance
Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers. The insurance companies, finance houses and stock broking firms are widely using computers for their concerns.
Insurance companies are maintaining a database of all clients with information showing
>> procedure to continue with policies
>> starting date of the policies
>> next due installment of a policy
>> maturity date
>> interests due
>> survival benefits
Education
The computer has provided a lot of facilities in the education system.
>> The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based Education).
>> CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning.
>> The computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of computer students.
>> There are number of methods in which educational institutions can use computer to educate the students.
>> It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and analysis is carried out on this basis.
Marketing
In marketing, uses of computer are following:
Advertising: - With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write and revise copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products.
At Home Shopping: - Home shopping has been made possible through use of computerised catalogues that provide access to product information and permit direct entry of orders to be filled by the customers.
Health Care
Computers have become important part in hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. The computers are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG, Ultrasounds and CT Scans etc. are also done by computerised machines.
Some major fields of health care in which computers are used are:
Diagnostic System: - Computers are used to collect data and identify cause of illness.
Lab-diagnostic System: - All tests can be done and reports are prepared by computer.
Patient Monitoring System: - These are used to check patient's signs for abnormality such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG etc.
Pharma Information System: - Computer checks Drug-Labels, Expiry dates, harmful drug’s side effects etc.
Surgery:- Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery.
Computers are widely used in Engineering purpose.
One of major areas is CAD (Computer aided design).that provides creation and modification of images. Some fields are:
>> Structural Engineering - Requires stress and strain analysis for design of Ships, Buildings, Budgets, Airplanes etc.
>> Industrial Engineering - Computers deal with design, implementation and improvement of integrated systems of people, materials and equipments.
>> Architectural Engineering - Computers help in planning towns, designing buildings, determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D drawings.
Computers are largely used in defence. modern tanks, missiles, weapons etc. Military also employs computerised control systems. Some military areas where a computer has been used are:
>> Missile Control
>> Military Communication
>> Military Operation and Planning
>> Smart Weapons
Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant for. Some main areas in this category are:
>> Chatting
>> Usenet
>> FTP
>> Telnet
>> Video-conferencing
Computers play an important role in government. Some major fields in this category are:
>> Budgets
>> Sales tax department
>> Income tax department
>> Male/Female ratio
>> Computerization of voters lists
>> Computerization of driving licensing system
>> Computerization of PAN card
>> Weather forecasting
Computer Generations :
The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19th century English mathematics professor name Charles Babbage.
He designed the Analytical Engine and it was this design that the basic framework of the computers of today are based on.
Generally speaking, computers can be classified into three generations. Each generation lasted for a certain period of
time,and each gave us either a new and improved computer or an improvement to the existing computer.
First generation: 1937 – 1946 - In 1937 the first electronic digital computer was built by Dr. John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. It was called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). In 1943 an electronic computer name the Colossus was built for the military. Other developments continued until in 1946 the first general– purpose digital computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was built. It is said that this computer weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which was used for processing. When this computer was turned on for the first time lights dim in sections of Philadelphia. Computers of this generation could only perform single task, and they had no operating system.
Second generation: 1947 – 1962 - This generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes which were more reliable. In 1951 the first computer for commercial use was introduced to the public; the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1). In 1953 the International Business Machine (IBM) 650 and 700 series computers made their mark in the computer world. During this generation of computers over 100 computer programming languages were developed, computers had memory and operating systems. Storage media such as tape and disk were in use also were printers for output.
Third generation: 1963 - present - The invention of integrated circuit brought us the third generation of computers. With this invention computers became smaller, more powerful more reliable and they are able to run many different programs at the same time. In1980 Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-Dos) was born and in 1981 IBM introduced the personal computer (PC) for home and office use. Three years later Apple gave us the Macintosh computer with its icon driven interface and the 90s gave us Windows operating system.
As a result of the various improvements to the development of the computer we have seen the computer being used in all areas of life. It is a very useful tool that will continue to experience new development as time passes.
Generation and Description
1 First Generation The period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vacuum tube based.
2 Second Generation The period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based.
3 Third Generation The period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.
4 Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based.
5 Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation: 1980-onwards.ULSI microprocessor based.
First Generation
The period of first generation was 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat and were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could be afforded only by very large organisations. In this generation mainly batch processing operating system were used. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as programming language.
1 Vacuum tube technology
2 Unreliable
3 Supported machine language only
4 Very costly
5 Generated lot of heat
6 Slow input and output devices
7 Huge size
8 Need of A.C.
9 Non-portable
10 Consumed lot of electricity
Some computers of this generation were:
ENIAC
EDVAC
UNIVAC
IBM-701
IBM-650
Second Generation
The period of second generation was 1959-1965. In this generation transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In this generation assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The computers used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system.
The main features of second generation are:
>> Use of transistors
>> Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
>> Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
>> Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers
>> Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers
>> Faster than first generation computers
>> Still very costly
>>A.C. needed
>> Supported machine and assembly languages
Some computers of this generation were:
IBM 1620
IBM 7094
CDC 1604
CDC 3600
UNIVAC 1108
Third Generation
The period of third generation was 1965-1971. The computers of third generation used integrated circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. In this generation remote processing, time-sharing, multi-programming operating system were used. High-level languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during this generation.
>> IC used
>> More reliable in comparison to previous two generations
>> Smaller size
>> Generated less heat
>> Faster
>> Lesser maintenance
>> Still costly
>> A.C needed
>> Consumed lesser electricity
>> Supported high-level language
Some computers of this generation were:
IBM-360 series
Honeywell-6000 series
PDP(Personal Data Processor)
IBM-370/168
TDC-316
Fourth Generation
The period of fourth generation was 1971-1980. The computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution. In this generation time sharing, real time, networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc. were used in this generation.
The main features of fourth generation are:
>> VLSI technology used
>> Very cheap
>> Portable and reliable
>> Use of PC's
>> Very small size
>> Pipeline processing
>> No A.C. needed
>> Concept of internet was introduced
>> Great developments in the fields of networks
>> Computers became easily available
Some computers of this generation were:
DEC 10
STAR 1000
PDP 11
CRAY-1(Super Computer)
CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
Fifth Generation
The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and method of making computers think like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc. are used in this generation.
AI includes:
Robotics
Neural networks
Game Playing
Development of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations.
Natural language understanding and generation.
>> ULSI technology
>> Development of true artificial intelligence
>> Development of Natural language processing
>> Advancement in Parallel Processing
>> Advancement in Superconductor technology
>> More user friendly interfaces with multimedia features
>> Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates
Some computer types of this generation are:
Desktop
Laptop
NoteBook
UltraBook
ChromeBook
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